This difference has been 2. Methods postulated to be due to the greater etiologic hetero- geneity of the disease amongst non-Caucasians. All patients were instructed to fast overnight There are three major ethnic groups in Malaysia; 8—12 h ; those on insulin were told to omit the Malay, Chinese, and Indian. As in other fast morning insulin, and those on oral hypoglycemic developing countries, the change of lifestyle has agents were told to stop their medications 3 days resulted in drastic increase in the prevalence of prior to the study.
Blood samples were immediately processed Type 2 DM patients. Subjects Post-glucagon 9 GAD Ab negative patients. All patients underwent polyethylene glycol PEG to remove endogenous thorough physical examination which included as- insulin antibodies and other interfering sub- sessment for BMI, waist-hip ratio WHR and stances.
The intra-assay erwise stated. To determine the wherever appropriate. Based on the fact that the levels ranged between 0 and 0. Results no false positive result was made, a sample was considered to be positive only when GAD Ab was A total of All samples were first pretreated with maining as Type 2 Table 2.
As expected, lence of GAD Ab between the three races. In both respectively Table 4 and in 8. There were also WHR, and decreased levels of fasting and post- no racial differences in the age of diagnosis, BMI, glucagon C-peptide when compared to those who WHR, and C-peptide reserves, both in Type 1 and were tested negative Table 2.
Neither gender, age Type 2 DM. As shown in Table 4, the C-peptide at disease onset nor presence of family history of response to glucagon stimulation in Type 1 GAD diabetes had any influence on the GAD Ab positiv- Ab positive patients was poor and inadequate ity in these patients.
A plot between the betes groups 6—9 and ] 10 years Table 3. The frequencies of seroposi- Age at diag- Neither race nor Disease dur- 6. However, these findings also analysed. With the cut-off age of 20 years, were observed only in the Caucasian but not the frequency of GAD Ab positivity amongst the Asian diabetics. The rates were genes in the Caucasians [23,24].
On the other similar in all the three ethnic groups, Malay, hand, it is also possible that there are other, yet to Chinese, and Indian, and were not influenced by be identified autoantigens, which may be involved the age of onset, be it youth or adult-onset.
It is proba- Type 1 [18] and In addition, although shown to be important increase in sex hormones as suggested by Ostman in countries around the Baltic Sea [20], environ- et al. The prevalence rate of with LADA [5,6,26]. In a 10 year follow-up study Similarly, whilst Bonifacio, V. Lampasona, S. Genovese, M. Ferrari, E. Niskanen, T. Tiinamaija, J. Karjelainen, L. Care 18 in these diabetics. As the mean disease duration of — Schmidli, P.
Colman, E. Bonifacio, and participat- amongst the Malaysian Type 2 DM. Tuomi, P. Zimmet, M. Rowley, H. Min, A. Lee, B. Rhee, S. Vannasaeng, A. Asian and Caucasian populations. The signifi- Humphrey, I. Mackay, Differing frequency of autoanti- cance of genetic differences and the possibility of bodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase among Koreans, Thais, and Australians with diabetes mellitus, Clin.
Im- other unknown autoantigens which may be spe- munol. Cha, M. Chan, V. Yeung, C. Chow, I. Mackay, M. This study was supported by a research grant Rowley, P. Zimmet, C. Cockram, Pancreatic beta cell from the Ministry of Science, Tech- function and antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase nology and Environment, Malaysia. The authors anti-GAD in Chinese patients with clinical diagnosis of wish to thank all the Medical Laboratory Tech- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Diab.
West, J. Kalbfleish, Glucose tolerance, nutrition study for their assistance and the Director of and diabetes in Uruguay, Venezuela, Malaysia, and East Institute for Medical Research for permission to Pakistan, Diabetes 15 8 — 9. Pillay, T. Malaya 16 — Ali, T.
Tan, O. Sakinah, B. Khalid, L. Wu, M. Atkinson, N. Maclaren, D. Scharp, P. Glutamic Acids helps in the detoxification of ammonia by taking up the nitrogen atoms during the formation of glutamine amino acid. Process of conversion of glutamic acid into glutamine is only way through which ammonia in the brain is detoxified. This acid plays an important role to resolve the childhood behavioral disorders as well as personality disorders.
Even used in the treatment of various other diseases like mental retardation, epilepsy, muscular dystrophy and ulcers. It is used in treatment of hypoglycemic coma, a complication which is associated with insulin treatment for diabetes.
This helps in the breakdown of folic acid. Helps in support the good heart health. Food Sources of Glutamic Acid Dairy products like milk, yogurt and cheese are the rich sources of glutamic acid. Cottage cheese and ricotta cheese are especially rich in glutamic acid. Vegetable Sources of glutamic acid include beets, cabbage, spinach, kale, parsley, wheat and wheatgrass. Meat products like poultry, fish and eggs are also the rich sources of glutamic acids. Sources of glutamic acid includes high-protein foods, such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs and dairy products.
Deficiency of Glutamic Acid Glutamic acid deficiency occurs in the people who take low protein diet. Glutamic Acid Side Effects Glutamic acid side effects may result in the headache and neurological complications. The oxidative thermal nitrogen atmosphere. Sodium hydride 1. Faurie, et al. Notes and references 11 R. Kumar, D. Vikramachakravarthi and P. Pal, Chem. Cavalheiro, J. Maunu, Prog. Dighe, S. Toliwal and R. Khotpal, J. Sonnati, A. Leclair, A. Romand, O. Choule, , 59, Coggio and N.
Florent, Paint Coat. Won, H. Sohn, R. Song and S. ChemSusChem, , 2, Santana, G. Ponce and R. Maciel 15 H. Mare, J. Filho, J. Mialon, A. Pemba and S. Miller, Green Chem. Kumarathasan, A. Rajkumar, N. Hunter and 7 A. Sousa, C. Vilela, A. Fonseca, M. Matos, C. Freire, H. Gesser, Prog. Lipid Res. Gruter, J. Coelho and A. Silvestre, Polym. Bouwman and R. Sousa, A.
Fonseca, A. Serra, C.
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